Dealing With Corruption As A Centralized Versus...

Definition The first and foremost problem in dealing with corruption is trying to define the term. There is plenty of literature out that describes a general definition: Tilman (1970) first defined corruption as the result of the adoption of a market-pricing mechanism for government goods and services rather than a mandatory pricing model of allocation Shah (2007) broadly describes corruption as the exercise of official powers against public interest or the abuse of public office for private gains. Other authors delve deeper in their description of corruption as the illegal privatization of state property and the selling of state power by public officials. This often takes the form of creating private gain by said public officials through classic rent-seeking activities, which will be described in the next section (Vasavakul 2008; Gainsborough 2009; Bai 2013; Morris 1991; Lancaster 2001; Rock 2004; Rose-Ackerman 2000; Treisman 2000). Other scholars have attempted to take different approaches to defining corruption in terms of a centralized versus decentralized nature. Shleifer and Vishny (1993) conclude that government bureaucracies and agencies act as monopolists selling complementary government-produced goods that are legally required for private sector activity. Waller, Verdier and Gardner (2002) go further by explaining that decentralized corruption is a system in which higher-level officials collect a fixed amount of bribe income from each bureaucrat who collects aShow MoreRelatedInternational Human Resources3038 Words   |  13 Pagesdistinctive national problems nor about the ‘copying’ of HRM practices, as many of these practices suit national cultures and institutions without necessarily being transferable. Indeed, issues of concern in IHRM are those of consistency or standardization, versus customization or adaptation, within diverse social and cultural environments (Nankervis, Compton Bai rd, 2002). Existing IHRM Models Several conceptual models seek to describe and predict how MNEs might conduct IHRM on an abstract level fromRead MoreGlobal Business Management: Current Trends and Practices5739 Words   |  23 Pagespicture. They become so focused on the bottom line – keeping costs down and rushing products to the consumer – that they fail to consider other factors that may directly impact their operations. Risk management strategies must include plans for dealing with an array of new threats and concerns - terrorism; cyber crime; piracy; potential political and economic instability around the globe; ethnic, religious and cultural differences; compatibility and interoperability of technological systems; globalRead MorePest Analysis of Telenor11594 Words   |  47 Pages Protection of personal data 42 Intellectual property 42 Property and assets 42 Nature and the environment 42 Information that may affect the stock price 42 Information, communication and contact with the media 43 Expertise and authority 43 Accounting 43 Reporting amp; Disclosure 43 Internal control 43 Relations with Customers, Suppliers, Competitors and Public authorities 43 Competition 44 Corruption and bribery 44 Gifts and business courtesies 44 Money laundering 44 ControllingRead MoreCsr in British Petroleum and Exxon Mobil10051 Words   |  41 Pageslocated in the developing countries. • Successful development of the activities of such companies has a substantial economic impact on the host country Ââ€" potentially a powerful lever for broad social and economic development, an attractive target for corruption, or disruptive social impact. • There is a significant environmental ‘footprint Ââ€" which impacts along the entire supply chain Ââ€" with implications for resource use, fragile eco-systems and biodiversity, air and water quality, as well as wasteRead MoreGeneral Electric60506 Words   |  243 Pages CORE CONCEPT: A company’s strategy is driven partly by management analysis and choice and partly by the necessity of adapting and learning by doing. 12. Crafting Strategy Calls for Good Entrepreneurship: The constantly evolving nature of a company’s situation puts a premium on management’s ability to exhibit astute entrepreneurship. 13. Masterful strategies come partly, maybe mostly, by doing things differently from competitors where it counts. 14. Good strategyRead MoreRastafarian79520 Words   |  319 PagesINTRODUCTION 5 is to the development of reggae music, which Jamaicans regard as their cultural contribution to the world. Later I will return to these issues and will demonstrate how they contribute to the routinization of Rastafari in Jamaica. The nature of this book dictates a heavy reliance on documentary analysis. My focus is interpretation not ethnography. Therefore, I have not sought to generate primary data on the movement but to analyze and re-analyze the growing body of scholarly and popularRead MoreKfc Marketing Strategies20155 Words   |  81 Pagesthe Internet. b. Retailers are now so closely linked with manufacturers that they can get delivery several times a day. 1. Wholesalers are not yet obsolete, but must change their functions to remain viable. A. THE VALUE VERSUS THE COST OF INTERMEDIARIES. 1. Some people think that if we could get rid of intermediaries, we could greatly reduce the cost of the things we buy. 2. The text uses the example of Fiberiffic to illustrate how marketing intermediariesRead MoreWalmart vs Carrefour26545 Words   |  107 Pagescommitment has great as well as long-term impact on following development of the firm and difficult to reverse (Ghemawat, 1991). Ghemawat (1991) continues to argue that such strategic commitment in the form of large-scale entry will influence the nature of competition in the market in terms of attracting customers and distributors in the long run and deterring entry of potential competitors, but also in terms of restricting its own resources to further expansion. Indeed, on one hand, the large entryRead MoreChapter 1 Accounting Information Systems and the Accountant14769 Words   |  60 Pagesof an AIS identify what information they need for their planning, decision making, and control functions. These examples illustrate why an AIS course is useful not only for accounting majors, but also for many non-accounting majors. Information (versus Data). Although the terms data and information are often used interchangeably, it is useful to distinguish between them. Data (the plural of datum) are raw facts about events that have little organization or meaning—for example, a set of raw scoresRead MoreOverview of Hrm93778 Words   |  376 Pagesthe foundations of HRM whether you intend to work in HRM or not, most of these elements will affect you at some point in your career. Either you will be working with some organizations or having people working for you, in both cases you will be dealing with people. To be understandable and lively means that we need to communicate you. We start every chapter with learning objectives. The most important thing you will get out of this course are the basic skills required to succeed in today’s environment